ESSAY NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 1

NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 1

Answer:

Introduction

This Poster will help in educating the patient about Cardiovascular accidents. This paper highlights the pathophysiology of CVA, their types, risk factors, clinical manifestations, the medical strategies and diagnosis of CVA.

CVA types

Hemorrhagic stroke

TIA (Transient ischemic attack)

Ischemic stroke (Silva et al., 2018).

Pathophysiology of CVA types

Ischemic stroke-blockage in blood flow through the arteries mainly due to blood clots causes insufficiency in the amount of oxygen-rich blood (Schneider et al., 2020). Hemorrhagic stroke- when the brain arteries break or gets ruptured pressure is exerted on the brain cells due to the leaked blood causing extensive damage (Silva et al., 2018; Ho, 2018). TIA (Transient ischemic attack) –this occurs when the blood flow is restricted to different parts of the brain parts for a shorter duration leading to mini-stroke (Silva et al., 2018).

Risk factors

Risk factors linked with development of ischemic attack –, substance abuse, race, family history, age, sex, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and physical inactivity (Tomasson et al., 2014; Contiero et al., 2019).

Risk factors linked with development of hemorrhagic stroke –gender, arteriovenous malformations, sleep apnea, substance abuse, hypertension, smoking,, etc. (Tomasson et al., 2014; Lauritsen et al., 2020).

Risk factors linked with development of transient ischemic attack –male sex, hypertension,, age, history of diabetes, smoking, family history, etc. (Tomasson et al., 2014; Oh et al., 2020).

Basic diagnosis

A physical examination like listening to the heart, checking the vitals and performing neurological exams to check the a potential stroke might affect their nervous system

Blood test can help in checking the rate of blood clots, level of sugar as well as certain types of infection which can be a risk factor for developing CVA (Pillai et al., 2020).

Computerized tomography (CT) scan-It includes creation of brain image that can help in showing bleeding, tumor or other issues.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

It helps in detecting brain tissue that has been damaged by brain hemorrhages or stroke (Pillai et al., 2020).

Nursing and medical strategies for stroke are as follows:

Checking the vital signs of the patient and reporting any abnormality in findings such as abnormal respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen level, blood pressure, etc. (Podvorica, Bytyci & Oruqi, 2020).

Strategies for Medical management

Endovascular Therapy, Neurosurgery, osmotic diurectics, radiosurgery or embolization techniques (Podvorica, Bytyci & Oruqi, 2020).

Clinical manifestation

Loss of coordination or trouble walking,

Headache and dizziness

Weakness in the arms and legs.

Sudden confusion

Trouble in speaking

Shortness of breath Confused speech(Silva et al., 2018).

Imageee

Prehospital strategies

Telemedicine and video examination of the patient can help in earlier stroke recognition in ambulance.

TeleStroke assessment Prehospital transcranial duplex sonography

Evaluating the patient’s vital signs and supply of supplementary oxygen in case of deterioration in oxygen saturation level.

Prioritizing the patients with a medical history of diabetes (Audebert et al., 2013).

Conclusion

Cardiovascular diseases can cause serious complications like memory loss, depression, seizures, brain swelling, coma, vision issues, etc. monitoring vitals, maintaining healthy diet, identifying the risk factors , etc. can help in lower the chances of developing CVA as well reduce there progression.

References

Audebert, H. J., Saver, J. L., Starkman, S., Lees, K. R., & Endres, M. (2013). Prehospital stroke care: new prospects for treatment and clinical research. Neurology, 81(5), 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829e0fdd

Contiero, P., Boffi, R., Tagliabue, G., Scaburri, A., Tittarelli, A., Bertoldi, M., … & Ciccarelli, M. (2019). A case-crossover study to investigate the effects of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations, season, and air temperature on accident and emergency presentations for cardiovascular events in northern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4627. https://www.mdpi.com/578706

Ho, K. J. (2018). Cardiovascular diseases. In Nutritional Aspects of Aging (pp. 75-100). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781351075145-3/cardiovascular-diseases-kang-jey-ho

Lauritsen, J., Hansen, M. K., Bandak, M., Kreiberg, M. B., Skøtt, J. W., Wagner, T., … & Daugaard, G. (2020). Cardiovascular risk factors and disease after male germ cell cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 38(6), 584-592. https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.19.01180

Oh, M. S., Bliwise, D. L., Smith, A. L., Collop, N. A., Quyyumi, A. A., & Dedhia, R. C. (2020). Obstructive sleep apnea, sleep symptoms, and their association with cardiovascular disease. The Laryngoscope, 130(6), 1595-1602. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lary.28293

Pillai, P. R., Griffith, M., Schwarcz, M. D., & Weiss, I. A. (2020). Primary aldosteronism: cardiovascular risk, diagnosis, and management. Cardiology in review, 28(2), 84-91. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/crd/2020/00000028/00000002/art00004

Podvorica,E., Bytyci, I., & Oruqi, M. (2020). Ambulantory Nurse Education Improves Metabolic Profile and Physical Activity in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Amarjeet Kaur Sandhu, 12(4), 455. https://ijone.org/scripts/IJONE%20October-December_2020.pdf#page=63

Schneider, D. J., McMahon, S. R., Chava, S., Taatjes-Sommer, H. S., Meagher, S., Ehle, G. L., & Brummel-Ziedins, K. E. (2018). FcγRIIa: a new cardiovascular risk marker. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(2), 237-238.

https://www.jacc.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.046

Silva, C., Oliveira, D., Peixoto, H., Machado, J., & Abelha, A. (2018, May). Data mining for prediction of length of stay of cardiovascular accident inpatients. In International Conference on Digital Transformation and Global Society (pp. 516-527).

Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02843-5_43 Tomasson, G., Peloquin, C., Mohammad, A., Love, T. J., Zhang, Y., Choi, H. K., & Merkel, P. A. (2014). Risk for cardiovascular disease early and late after a diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis: a cohort study. Annals of internal medicine, 160(2), 73-80.

https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M12-3046