GH 456 Global Mental Health
Answer:
Two stages of Erikson includes:
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
This stage continues till the age of 3 years.
Case study
A child who was often controlled by her parents and all the minor decisions on which her perspectives or choices can be asked, were taken by her parents, like for example, how she wants to dress up or what she wants to have for food. All aspects were controlled by her parents. Since she was not allowed to choose her own dress or do anything on her own, she was gradually getting more doubtful about herself and felt herself inadequate and incapable of doing anything correctly that her peers could do. She started lacking self-esteem and gradually developing shame and doubt about her ability. As a counselor, her parents can be encouraged to let her make small decisions that children her age can take, for example choosing dress or sometimes food she wants to eat. She was encouraged to take greater sense of self-control and have confidence in self. She will be encouraged to do things on her own when she wants to do it and the importance of developing self-dependence will be explained well to the parents. A secure attachment bond will be encouraged as it will promote good relation with surrounding and self in future. If she develops insecure attachment, it will be difficult to engage in maintaining healthy relationships in her adulthood. The child will be encouraged to get into communication and praised when needed, (Watkins Jr, 2019).
Initiative ver#sus guilt
A child at 3-5 years of age tries to develop initiative vs guilt. They take initiatives to perform various small activities like for example taking the initiative to assign roles for themselves in the game.
Case study:
A child was always criticized and controlled when he tried to take initiatives at play by asking friends to act in ways that he thinks or when he suggests his parents to act in a certain way. For example, last Sunday, he had asked her father to be his student and he would scold him if he makes mistakes like he sees teachers in school doing. The child was restricted from taking such initiative in play and was punished. He is always inquisitive and asks a lot of questions. His parents being busy with their work feels he is being a nuisance. He was gradually becoming hyperactive and showing aggressive behavior. As a counselor, the child will be given practical support and the degree of self-worth will be developed in him. When he will be treated effectively, the child will feel better about himself and have a happy attitude. Through communication and effective therapeutic processes, the sense of guilt that has developed in him will try to be removed. In therapy the child will learn by doing or performing. He will be praised and supported as they grow up and learn. Therapy will help them perform healthy behavioral habits and develop healthy thinking patterns, (Erskine, 2019).
Piaget’s theory of development:
Preoperational stage
This stage marks development of egocentrism, symbolic representation, and centration and conservation.
Case study:
The child was showing inability to decenter to conserve and carry out the inclusion tasks that children their age are expected to perform. The child had difficulty in understanding the logical series in which the objects are to be arranged and organized, (Presmeg, 2020). Visualization and learning in mathematics education. Encyclopedia of mathematics education, 900-904.). He was unable to focus on any one particular dimension of the problem at hand and his focus. The development of abstract mental processing was low in comparison to others his age. He struggled to use symbols to represent the world. His parents were worried about the delay.
Object permanence is when the child understandss that the object would still be existing even if it is beyond the field of vision. The reason for showing the behavior will be analyzed. As a counselor, it is needed to rule out the probability that the child is suffering from Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder which often causes the child to fail in performing object permanence. The reason can also be delay in attaining the milestone. In such a case, the therapist might play with the child the classic game of peekaboo with toys. Counselor can hide his toys and ask im to find them, this will help the child realize that the toy though not visible to him immediately, but is still existing and is not lost, (Ray, 2019).
Concrete operational stage
At this stage, the child will grow and develop in them the ability to organize and perform rational thinking. Children of 3-8 years are expected to be undergoing the cognitive operational stage.
Case study
The child was showing less maturity in using her logical thought and operations. The child was showing learning difficulty and gaining ability to conserve or reverse the mathematical concepts which includes number, area orientation and volume. Thinking in a logical flow of operations and logical reasoning was difficult for the child. The child was shown in grasping the conservation of numbers which was followed by their knowledge of length and liquid or mass. The child was unable to explain objects effectively using language and attach meaning to them, (Márquez et al., 2021).
As a counselor, it is important to understand the reason behind the challenges being faced by the child. The role is to encourage the parents and his teachers to use teaching strategies and materials that are appropriate for the student to help develop in them the concrete operational stage. Using sophisticated diagrams, the child can be helped to understand the study materials and concepts that are difficult for them to understand. Through telling them takes and making mathematics and studies fun for him, he can learn the concepts easily and effectively at his own pace as the conventional method might be difficult for him to grasp. Lego pieces will also help to develop in him the concept of conservation, (Wickstrom, 2022).
Part 2: Differences between Piaget’s and Erickson’s theories.
Piaget has discussed the cognitive development that occurs in children and these factors that stresses on the development as well as growth of the child. Piaget had discussed the internal development that occurs in a child across the milestone. Whereas, the theory that was proposed by Erikson would describe the external social structure which influences the needed development in the child according to their age. The key difference that exists between the theories includes understanding that both the theorists have separate approaches to understand development within the child. While Piaget focused only on the stages of infancy to late teenage, Erikson stated that each life event impacts the following life event and is dependent on the challenges of the prior stages of life events. But, Piaget had stated that the brain responds to the environmental factors around them which was not explained by Erikson. Piaget’s theory had its focus on cognitive development, while Erikson’s theory had its focus on emotional development of an individual. They differed in their view of the fundamental life stages, (Young, 2022).
Similarities of Piaget’s and Erickson’s theory:
The similarities of the theories would include the fact that both the theories proposed by Piaget and Erikson have explained the stages of development in an individual which covers childhood to later adulthood. Both the theorists have studied the various elements of the child’s behavior and actions. Both the theorists have accepted that the child’s development occurs in stages, (Young, 2022).
References
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